College essay guy national merit, short essay about how to stay healthy easy essay about early marriage an essay background richard rodriguez christmas essay. 2 points a good essay need revision and dinamika essay demokrasi life contoh dan tentang impaler? essays sistem soal Dracula vlad the pancasila the on of times Richard Rodriguez Hunger Memory Essays Hiring pros to get high-quality assistance is a very good decision which allows you to study smarter not harder and have more time for other things in Richard Rodriguez Hunger Memory Essays your life that really matter José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse ɣasˈpaɾ roˈðɾiɣes ðe ˈfɾansia]) (6 January – 20 September ) was a Paraguayan lawyer and politician, and the first dictator (–) of Paraguay following its independence from the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la blogger.com official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of
Rafael Caldera - Wikipedia
Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez Spanish pronunciation: [rafaˈel anˈtonjo kalˈdeɾa roˈðɾiɣes] listen help · info ; 24 January — 24 December[1] twice elected the president of Venezuelaserved for two five-year terms — and —becoming the longest serving democratically elected leader to govern the country in the twentieth century.
Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system, [3] one of the main architects of the Constitution, and a pioneer of the Christian Democratic movement in Latin America, Caldera helped forge an unprecedented period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military caudillos. His leadership established Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.
After graduating with a degree in law and political science from Central University of Venezuela inCaldera embarked on a year long career that combined political, intellectual and academic activities.
Rafael Caldera Rodriguez, the son of Rafael Caldera Izaguirre and Rosa Sofía Rodríguez Rivero, was born on 24 Januaryin San FelipeVenezuela. After his mother died when he was two and a half years-old, Caldera was raised by his maternal aunt María Richard rodriguez essays Rodríguez Rivero and her husband Tomás Liscano Giménez. Caldera attended elementary school in his native San Felipe and later in Caracasat the Jesuit-run Catholic school San Ignacio de Loyola, where he completed his secondary education at the age of fifteen, richard rodriguez essays.
The following year he began law studies at the Central University of Venezuela. As a young university student, Caldera exhibited a precocious intellectual brilliance. At the age of nineteen, and after studying the 26 volumes of Andrés Bello 's collected works, Caldera published his first book, Andres Bello, [6] a comprehensive analysis of the life and works of Bello's literary, linguistic, legal, historic, philosophical, and political texts.
This book received an award from the Venezuelan National Academy of Language inand has remained an indispensable reference for scholarship studies on the most prominent Venezuelan man-of-letters of the 19th century.
The Chilean scholar Iván Jaksic, one of the foremost contemporary scholars of Bello's works, and author of the first comprehensive intellectual biography of Andres Bello published in English, wrote about Caldera's book that it "retains much of its freshness, and it merits its current status as the principal monograph on Bello in the twentieth century. A year later, richard rodriguez essays, Richard rodriguez essays President López Contreras took notice of the newspaper op-ed pieces on labor issues written by the young twenty-year-old Caldera and appointed him as Deputy Director of the richard rodriguez essays created National Labor Office.
From this position, Caldera played a major role in the drafting of Venezuela's first Labor Law, which remained current for more than fifty years until its reform in The international lawyer Wilfred Jenkswho drafted the Declaration of Philadelphia on labor rights and served two terms as Director-General of the International Labour Organization ILOan affiliated agency of the League of Nations, visited Venezuela in to review the law.
He worked closely with Caldera, then Venezuela's first ILO correspondent. Jenks later stated that the International Labor Code published under his guidance on the eve of the Second World War, contained several topics that were arranged in a manner that had originally been employed in the Venezuelan draft Labor Code.
During his university years, richard rodriguez essays, Caldera became actively engaged in student politics. He joined the Venezuelan Federation of Students FEVwhich was led by students who had revolted in against the dictator Juan Vicente Gómez and were known as the Generation of Although significantly richard rodriguez essays than his peers, Caldera courageously split from this student federation after its leadership called for anticlerical reforms demanding the expulsion of the Jesuits and other religious orders from Venezuela.
InCaldera founded the National Student Union UNEthe seed of what eventually became the Venezuelan Christian Democratic movement. Caldera received his law and doctoral degree in Political Science with a perfect academic record after successfully defending in his dissertation thesis entitled Derecho del Trabajo.
This dissertation thesis was later adopted as the standard textbook on labor rights by schools of law in Latin American universities, richard rodriguez essays. After graduating from university, Caldera founded National Action, a political movement formed to participate in municipal elections. Soon after, he founded the National Action Party and was elected in Januaryat the age of twenty-five, to the Chamber of Deputies for his native state of Yaracuy.
As a congressman, he strongly opposed the bill that led to the boundary treaty with Colombia. He also had a prominent role in the debates on the partial reform of the Constitution and revisions to the Civil Code, and was a leading voice in the enactment of progressive labor laws.
On 27 OctoberCaldera was appointed Solicitor General by Rómulo Betancourthead of the Revolutionary Government Junta that ousted President Isaías Medina Angarita on October 18, On 13 JanuaryCaldera co-founded COPEIComité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente Independent Political Electoral Organization Committeethe Christian Democratic Party that grew to become one of the two largest mass political parties in Venezuela.
COPEI's first statement of principles was inspired by the social teaching of the papal encyclical Quadragesimo Anno and embraced democracy, pluralism and social reform. Four months later, on 13 AprilCaldera resigned from his position as Solicitor General in protest against the continuous violent attacks that members of his newly created richard rodriguez essays were suffering from government supporters. Inhe was elected as a representative to the National Constituent Assembly, inaugurated on 17 December of that year.
This legislative body had richard rodriguez essays task of drafting a new Constitution guided by the principles of the October Revolution. Venezuelans from every corner of the country came to admire the rhetorical skills of the young politician, richard rodriguez essays. Venezuelans were able to listen to Caldera's speeches after Andrés Eloy Blancorichard rodriguez essays, President of the National Constituent Assemblygranted Caldera's request to allow live radio broadcast of the legislative sessions.
Caldera played a prominent role in this assembly. He delivered celebrated speeches on the social rights of workers, the social function of private property, agrarian reform, religious freedom, religious education, and the need for direct, popular election of state governors, richard rodriguez essays.
Richard rodriguez essays the electionsat the age of 31, he ran for president for the first time and travelled around the country to spread the ideas of his newly created party. The renowned Venezuelan novelist Rómulo Gallegoscandidate of the social democrat party AD Democratic Actionwon this election.
Caldera also ran for Congress and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the period — His congressional term, however, was interrupted after Gallegos was ousted by a coup d'état on 24 November InCaldera was elected representative to the National Constituent Assembly. After Colonel Marcos Pérez Jiménezhead of the Military Junta, ignored richard rodriguez essays electoral triumph of the URD party Democratic Republican Unionand expelled Jóvito Villalba and other leaders of this party from the country, Caldera and other elected party members of COPEI refused to participate in the new Constituent Assembly.
During the Pérez Jiménez military dictatorshipCaldera was expelled from Universidad Central de Venezuela and arrested several times. On 3 Augustagents of the National Security, a large secret police force led by Pedro Estrada that hunted down opponents and ran notorious concentration camps, richard rodriguez essays, threw a bomb into Caldera's home, endangering the life of his youngest child, then nine months-old.
On 20 Augusthe was once again imprisoned, but this time in solitary confinement, after Pérez Jiménez learned that Caldera, in all likelihood, would be the consensus candidate for all opposition parties in the presidential election scheduled for December, With Caldera imprisoned, Pérez Jiménez turned the election into an unconstitutional plebiscite "Yes" or "No" referendum to decide his permanence in power, richard rodriguez essays.
Following the December plebiscite, Caldera was exiled by the Pérez Jiménez dictatorship in January He travelled to New York City and was greeted by Rómulo Betancourt and Jóvito Villalba. His exile, however, only lasted a few days since Richard rodriguez essays Pérez Jiménez was deposed by a civil revolt and military coup on 23 January Upon returning to Venezuela, richard rodriguez essays, the three leaders signed the Puntofijo Pactrichard rodriguez essays, named after Caldera's residence where it was signed.
This pact contained important political agreements, especially, the commitment of all major political parties to build, protect and strengthen democratic institutions and the rule of law. According to political science scholar Daniel H. Levine, its aim was to "support democracy, band together to resist challenges to its legitimacy and survival; respect elections; and strive in general to institutionalize politics, channeling participation within democratic vehicles and arenas.
The Puntofijo Pact served as the foundation for the longest period of civil democratic rule in Venezuela Unable to reach agreement over a consensus candidate, the three major parties that signed the Puntofijo Pact AD, URD, and COPEI competed in the presidential election with their own candidates and platforms. Rafael Caldera lost to Rómulo Betancourt AD and Wolfgang Larrazábal URDwho came in first and second place respectively.
Caldera also ran for Congress and was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies. The Constitution was Venezuela's most successful and long-lived Constitution. This country adopted twenty-five different constitutions between andand only richard rodriguez essays of them, lasted more than ten years. After its long history under dictatorships and arbitrary rule, Venezuela became, in the words of Professor Levine, "the most stable mass democracy in South America".
For four decades, he explains, richard rodriguez essays, "Venezuelans built a political system marked by high participation, strong leadership, institutional richard rodriguez essays, and genuine pervasive competition. Power was transferred peacefully in six consecutive national elections, richard rodriguez essays.
Caldera obtained a significant larger number of votes and came in second place in the preidential election that Raúl Leoni won as candidate of the ruling party AD. Soon thereafter, he was elected President of the Christian Democratic Organization of America ODCA for the period —, and as first President of the Christian Democratic World Union for the period — In Decemberunder the slogan "el cambio va" change is comingCaldera ran for president for the third time.
This time, Caldera benefited from a split in AD. Senate president Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa won the party primary. However, the party's old guard felt Prieto was richard rodriguez essays left-wing, and intervened to deliver the nomination to Gonzalo Barrios.
Prieto and a number of his supporters broke off to form the People's Electoral Movement. Prieto finished fourth, but hisvotes far exceeded Caldera's margin. Caldera was sworn in on 11 March For the first time in Venezuela's year history as an richard rodriguez essays nation, there was a peaceful and democratic transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition.
It was also the first time in the country's history that a party won power without ever having resorted to violence. However, COPEI still had a minority in the legislature. The process of pacification, richard rodriguez essays, a policy that allowed the armed left to lay down their arms richard rodriguez essays participate in politics under democratic rules, was one of the most important achievements of Caldera's first presidency.
This pardon effectively put an end to the guerrilla warfare which had plagued the country for ten years, costing many lives, richard rodriguez essays. A key distinction between Caldera's first government and those of his predecessors lay in the area of foreign policy. President Caldera restored bilateral relations with the Soviet Union and the socialist nations of Eastern Europe, as well as with a number of South American nations that had fallen under military dictatorships, including ArgentinaPanamarichard rodriguez essays, and Peru.
This richard rodriguez essays, known as "pluralistic solidarity", was a reversion of his predecessor's Betancourt Doctrine and sought to unify Latin American countries amidst their ideological diversity so the region could have a stronger position to obtain fair trade conditions for their raw commodities.
Caldera took advantage of momentous developments in the international oil trade. He raised taxes on oil production, nationalized the gas industry, and enacted stringent laws regulating the U. oil companies that operated in Venezuela. In addition, he passed the hydrocarbons reversion law which provided that all oil company assets would go to the State once the concessions had elapsed, richard rodriguez essays.
This law paved the way for the nationalization of the oil industry. In his official visit to the U. inCaldera obtained a commitment from the Nixon administration to increase the market share of Venezuelan petroleum exports to the United States.
Congress, [22] Caldera won repeated applause from the Senators and Representatives as he bluntly urged Americans to change their approach toward Latin America: "The formula for achieving cordial relations," he said, "cannot be the merciless attempts at forever lowering the prices of our goods while increasing the price of commodities we have to import. Caldera's most important domestic priorities during his first administration were education, housing, and infrastructure.
He dramatically increased the number of educational institutions by doubling the number of public secondary schools and tripling the number of state university colleges and institutes of technology. Universities built and inaugurated during his administration include Simón Bolívar UniversitySimón Rodríguezrichard rodriguez essays, Táchiraand the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense. On 3 Octoberafter weeks of violent student protests, and reports of weapons richard rodriguez essays explosive materials hidden inside the university campus, Caldera intervened Central University of Venezuela in order to protect and safeguard the life of students, professors and university employees.
Once peace was restored on campus, the university regained its autonomy and held elections for a new governing board. During Caldera's first presidency, a total ofhousing units were built. After leaving the presidency of Venezuela, Caldera continued both scholarly and political pursuits. He served in the Venezuelan Senate as all former presidents were granted lifelong appointments to the Senate under Constitution. During this period Caldera was appointed to several important leadership positions in international organizations.
Hailed for his role in maintaining democracy and stability in an era when most other Latin American countries experienced political upheaval, richard rodriguez essays, Caldera richard rodriguez essays as President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union from to A year later, Caldera presided over the International Committee in charge of preparing an international agreement for the establishment of the University for Peaceapproved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 5 December
Richard Rodriguez: BLAXICANS AUDIO READING
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